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1. Raw Material Inspection: Select steel plates/bills conforming to standards such as GB/T 12459 and ASME B16.9. Verify material certificates, chemical composition, and mechanical properties. Inspect the surface for defects such as cracks, delamination, and rust.
2. Cutting: Mark lines according to drawings. Use plasma cutting, flame cutting, or shearing to cut the material, removing burrs, oxide scale, and spatter from the cut edges.
3. Billet Heating: Heat carbon steel and alloy steel billets in the furnace to forging temperature. For stainless steel, control the temperature as needed, strictly controlling the heating rate and holding time to prevent overheating.
4. Pressing and Forming: The heated blank is placed into a special mold and formed by hot/cold pressing using a hydraulic press, ensuring uniform curvature and wall thickness of the tube cap, free from wrinkles, cracks, and thinness.
5. Shaping and Trimming: The formed blank is shaped and corrected, and excess material is trimmed from the tube ends to ensure that the overall dimensions, height, and end roundness meet the standards.
6. Heat Treatment: Depending on the material, normalizing, annealing, solution treatment, or tempering is performed to eliminate residual forming stress, refine grains, and improve mechanical properties.
7. Beveling Machining: The pipe end beveling is machined according to welding requirements (commonly V-type/U-type). The beveling angle, blunt edge dimensions, and perpendicularity to the end face are controlled to meet welding assembly requirements.
8. Surface Treatment: Carbon steel undergoes sandblasting to remove rust; stainless steel undergoes pickling and passivation to remove oxide scale, oil, and weld slag, improving surface smoothness and corrosion resistance.
9. Non-destructive Testing: Ultrasonic testing (UT), penetrant testing (PT), and magnetic particle testing (MT) are used to inspect internal and surface defects. Only after passing these tests can the next process begin.









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