Cap is a component of a pressure vessel that is welded to the cylindrical shell (see figure below). Based on their geometric shapes, they can be classified into various types, such as hemispherical, ellipsoidal, dished, spherical cap, conical, and flat; among these, hemispherical, ellipsoidal, dished, and spherical cap heads are collectively referred to as "dished heads" (or convex heads). In terms of welding methods, they are categorized into butt-weld heads and socket-weld heads. They are used in a wide range of vessel equipment, including storage tanks, heat exchangers, towers, reactors, boilers, and separation equipment. Materials include carbon steel (e.g., A3, 20#, Q235, Q345B, 16Mn), stainless steel (e.g., 304, 321, 304L, 316, 316L), alloy steel (e.g., 15Mo3, 15CrMoV, 35CrMoV, 45CrMo), aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel, and nickel alloys.